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INTRODUCTION
The World Health Organization has raised alarm over the increased level of musculoskeletal conditions, affecting 1.71 billion people in the world (WHO, 2021). Among all the causes of musculoskeletal conditions, low back pain has the highest burden with a high prevalence of about 568 million. Other contributors include fractures, osteoarthritis, other injuries, neck pain, amputations, and rheumatoid arthritis (WHO, 2021). The musculoskeletal conditions include over 150 conditions that affect locomotion in humans. It usually starts from those that start immediately and stop to the chronic conditions; they include fractures, sprains, and strains. Musculoskeletal conditions induce serious pain and limit humans' locomotion and other levels of functioning, reducing people’s ability to work (WHO, 2021). Due to this issue, the World Health Organization initiated in 2017 a program called “Rehabilitation 2030 Initiative” to meet the health need of musculoskeletal conditions worldwide. Some of these disorders include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, osteoporosis, osteopenia, fragility fractures, traumatic fractures, sarcopenia, back, and neck pain (WHO, 2021).
The skeletal muscle is a complex tissue containing several elements such as muscle fibers, adipose, and connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves (Petriz et al., 2017). Primary aging results in defective mitochondrial energetics and lowers muscle mass. Whereas secondary aging involves greater deleterious structural and functional age-related changes caused by diseases and behavioral factors (Cartee et al., 2016). Secondary aging can worsen the reduction in the mitochondrial function and muscle mass, simultaneously with the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance (Cartee et al., 2016). However, exercise protects the body against the deleterious effects of secondary aging by preventing the decline in mitochondrial respiration, thereby inhibiting aging-related loss of muscle mass and enhancing insulin sensitivity. (Cartee et al., 2016). Exercise has also been known to cause changes in the molecular and structural properties of skeletal muscle. Such changes include alteration in mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolism, and proteome; enhanced muscle capillarization, and the modulation of myofibrillar content (Petriz et al., 2017).
The acute metabolic effects of exercise are that it acts on the key peripheral organs involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis (Docherty et al., 2022). For the body to adapt to this condition, acute exercise mobilizes the muscles stored glucose, utilizes the fatty acids and glucose from the plasma to meet up energy demand (Docherty et al., 2022). In sustained exercise conditions, adipose tissues and the liver mobilize non-esterified fatty acid and synthesize glucose (Docherty et al., 2022). All these changes occur to keep providing energy to the muscles. These actions result in an increased cardiac output, microvascular perfusion of peripheral tissues, capillary recruitment, muscle membrane permeability, and transport of substrates, which also affects substrate fluxes and secretion of glucagon and insulin by the pancreas (Docherty et al., 2022). However, chronic effects of exercise on key peripheral organs are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and associated whole-body metabolic effects and systemic health effects (Docherty et al., 2022). Exercise training improves the maximum level of oxygen, decreases resting heart rate and blood pressure, increases total muscle mass, microvascular and microvascular dilatory response (Docherty et al., 2022). Also, beta-cell function and blood glucose uptake by muscle increases, adipose tissue and liver improve, whereas, peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity is ameliorated. These result in reduced visceral adipose tissue depots and ectopic fat storage (Docherty et al., 2022). Altogether these structural, functional, and metabolic adaptations improve aerobic capacity, whole-body insulin sensitivity, glucose control, oxidative capacity and reduce triglycerolaemia and chronic inflammation (Docherty et al., 2022). These changes induced by exercise is very protective to the whole body as it reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, improved musculoskeletal system, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and untimely death (Docherty et al., 2022).
Exercise also induces Inter-Lukin-6 production and release, and this action is beneficial for patients suffering from musculoskeletal conditions. This can be true because studies have shown that Inter-Lukin-6 inhibition results in the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Inter-Lukin-17 within the skin and joints leading to pathologic conditions (Docherty et al., 2022). Pedersen & Saltin's (2015) report shows evidence that exercise can be therapeutic in treating several diseases, up to 26, of which musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, back pain, rheumatoid arthritis were included (Pedersen & Saltin 2015).
Due to musculoskeletal conditions are mainly seen among older adults, involving in routine exercise programs would be helpful for children, adolescents, and younger adults. It is beneficial to musculoskeletal tissue development and helps to maintain a healthy body weight throughout life (Azzolino et al., 2021). During the adolescent stage, several hormones are stimulated by physical activity such as testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1, which are known to promote muscle mass development (Azzolino et al., 2021). Exercise has also been reported to ease pain among adult women fitness club who engaged in either aerobic or resistant exercise (Sato et al., 2021; Booth et al., 2017). Therefore, this present study will determine the effect of exercise on the musculoskeletal system.
AIM
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
RESEARCH PROBLEM
It is surprising to imagine the increased level of musculoskeletal conditions, and how it affects over 1.71 billion people in the world annually (WHO, 2021). Among all the causes of musculoskeletal conditions, low back pain has the highest burden with a high prevalence of about 568 million. Other contributors include fractures, osteoarthritis, other injuries, neck pain, amputations, and rheumatoid arthritis (WHO, 2021). However, this problem is preventable because engaging in routine exercise earlier in life benefits musculoskeletal tissue development and helps to maintain a healthy body weight throughout life (Azzolino et al., 2021). So, this present study will determine the effect of exercise on the musculoskeletal system.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Studies have shown that several humans are affected by musculoskeletal conditions (Docherty et al., 2022; Petriz et al., 2017). Other studies have reported the molecular mechanisms to exercise may help in preventing and treating musculoskeletal conditions (Azzolino et al., 2021; Sato et al., 2021; Booth et al., 2017). However, there are limited studies on exercise and the musculoskeletal system. Therefore, this present study will determine the effect of exercise on the musculoskeletal system.
METHODOLOGY
ANALYSIS
The following will be used for analysis in this review, they are; cluster analysis (CA) and/or factor analysis (FA), and/or principal component analysis (PCA). The results will be presented as odds ratios (OR).
RISK ASSESSMENT
The risk assessment conducted for this project is provided in the table below:
Table 1: Risk assessment
Risk
Impact
Mitigation Plan
Inability to meet the deadline
Low
Get an extension from the supervisor in due time
Inability to get required process inputs, skill, and manpower
Moderate
Refer to municipalities and research institutes for help
Inability to properly develop the process set up
High
Refer to your supervisor for help
Insufficient data
Refer to journals and textbooks for help
SCHEDULE
Table 2: Project Plan
Task Name
Start Date
End Date
Duration (Days)
Initial Research
15/01/2022
29/01/2022
14
Proposal
06/02/2022
21
Introduction Chapter
18/03/2022
23/03/2022
5
Literature Review Chapter
20/04/2022
24
Methodology Chapter
02/05/2022
12
Presentation 1
02/07/2022
10/07/2022
8
Analysis
24/07/2022
Evaluation of Gotten Results
01/08/2022
7
Discussion Chapter
11/08/2022
10
Evaluation Chapter
16/08/2022
Conclusion Chapter
18/08/2022
2
Project Management Chapter
20/08/2022
Abstract and Report compilation
22/08/2022
Report Proofreading
01/09/2022
Presentation 2
11/09/2022
1
REFERENCES
Azzolino, D., Spolidoro, G. C. I., Saporiti, E., Luchetti, C., Agostoni, C., & Cesari, M. (2021). Musculoskeletal Changes Across the Lifespan: Nutrition and the Life-Course Approach to Prevention. In Frontiers in Medicine (Vol. 8). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.697954
Booth, J., Moseley, G. L., Schiltenwolf, M., Cashin, A., Davies, M., & Hübscher, M. (2017). Exercise for chronic musculoskeletal pain: A biopsychosocial approach. Musculoskeletal Care, 15(4), 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/msc.1191
Cartee, G. D., Hepple, R. T., Bamman, M. M., & Zierath, J. R. (2016). Exercise Promotes Healthy Aging of Skeletal Muscle. In Cell Metabolism (Vol. 23, Issue 6, pp. 1034–1047). Cell Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.007
Docherty, S., Harley, R., McAuley, J. J., Crowe, L. A. N., Pedret, C., Kirwan, P. D., Siebert, S., & Millar, N. L. (2022). The effect of exercise on cytokines: implications for musculoskeletal health: a narrative review. BMC Sports Science, Medicine, and Rehabilitation, 14(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00397-2
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015). Exercise as medicine - Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 25, 1–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12581
Petriz, B. A., Gomes, C. P. C., Almeida, J. A., de Oliveira, G. P., Ribeiro, F. M., Pereira, R. W., & Franco, O. L. (2017). The Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Proteome. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 232(2), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.25477
Sato, S., Ukimoto, S., Kanamoto, T., Sasaki, N., Hashimoto, T., Saito, H., Hida, E., Sato, T., Mae, T., & Nakata, K. (2021). Chronic musculoskeletal pain, catastrophizing, and physical function in adult women was improved after 3-month aerobic-resistance circuit training. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91731-0
Thyfault, J. P., & Bergouignan, A. (2020). Exercise and metabolic health: beyond skeletal muscle. In Diabetologia (Vol. 63, Issue 8, pp. 1464–1474). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05177-6
World Health Organization (2021) Musculoskeletal system, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheet/details/musculoskeletal-system
Last updated: Jan 28, 2022 06:09 PM
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